Menopause is a natural part of a woman’s life that marks the end of menstrual cycles and fertility. While it is not a disease, the transition to menopause can bring about uncomfortable symptoms like hot flashes, trouble sleeping, mood changes, bladder issues, and pain during sex. Researchers have been studying menopause to provide women with more options to navigate this phase with better health.
The menopausal transition, known as perimenopause, typically starts in a woman’s late 40s but can occur earlier or later. It is characterized by a decline in estrogen levels. Some women may experience changes in their periods and hot flashes during this time. For those who have not had a period in 12 months, they can confirm they have reached menopause. However, the transition may not be as clear for many women.
For some women, menopause may be triggered by medical interventions like surgical removal of ovaries, leading to sudden onset of bothersome symptoms. Blood tests can confirm menopause, but there is no test to determine the start of the transition. The menopausal transition typically lasts around seven years, during which women should continue using birth control if they do not want to get pregnant.
Hot flashes, one of the most common symptoms of menopause, can be managed through lifestyle changes like dressing in layers, using a portable fan, and avoiding triggers like alcohol and caffeine. For women with severe symptoms, there are drug options like menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) or newer medications like escitalopram and fezolinetant. These treatments have been found to be helpful in reducing hot flashes.
In addition to hot flashes, women may also experience sleep disturbances, sexual problems, and other symptoms during the transition. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), physical activity, yoga, and mindfulness can help improve sleep and overall well-being. There are treatments available for sexual issues like vaginal dryness, painful sex, and reduced desire, but many women are unaware of these options due to stigma surrounding reproductive health discussions.
It is important for women to know that they are not alone in navigating the menopausal transition. NIH-funded researchers have developed a website called MyMenoplan.org to help women track symptoms and explore potential treatments. Adopting healthy lifestyle habits such as proper nutrition, good sleep, stress management, and physical activity can also support overall health during and after menopause.
While menopause can bring about changes in health risks like heart problems, bone weakness, and diabetes, focusing on lifestyle modifications can help alleviate symptoms and promote well-being. By staying informed, seeking support, and making healthy choices, women can navigate the menopausal transition with greater ease and maintain their health in midlife and beyond.
