Cancer cachexia is a condition that causes weakness, fatigue, and loss of muscle and fat in cancer patients. Unlike malnutrition, it cannot be reversed with nutrition support alone. It is most common in people with advanced cancer. There are three stages of cancer cachexia: pre-cachexia, cachexia, and refractory cachexia.
Pre-cachexia is characterized by appetite and weight loss. Treatments are most effective at this stage. In the cachexia stage, patients may lose interest in eating and continue to lose weight and muscle. Other symptoms include fatigue and reduced strength. Refractory cachexia is the most severe stage, where there is severe muscle loss and continued weight loss.
The causes of cancer cachexia are not fully understood, but inflammation is believed to be the main cause. Increased metabolism, insulin resistance, and changes in hormones may also play a role. Inflammation can lead to appetite loss, muscle and fat loss, and changes in nutrient usage. Changes in metabolism can cause rapid breakdown of protein and fat stores, leading to muscle and fat loss. Insulin resistance can result in high blood sugar and weight loss. Hormonal imbalances can also contribute to muscle breakdown.
Symptoms of cancer cachexia include weight loss, appetite loss, fatigue, and weakness. These symptoms can have many causes and may not always indicate cachexia. It is important to consult with a doctor if these symptoms are present.
To prevent cancer cachexia, it is important to spot and treat malnutrition early. Regular nutrition screenings during treatment can help determine if there is a risk of malnutrition and cachexia.
Managing cancer cachexia requires the help of various healthcare providers. Medicines such as appetite stimulants and anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed. Nutrition supplement drinks and nutrition counseling from a registered dietitian can be beneficial. Physical therapy can help improve strength and endurance. Support from family, friends, and healthcare providers is essential in managing cachexia.
Cancer cachexia often occurs towards the end of life. It is important to be prepared and have discussions with healthcare providers about what to expect during this time. Support for caregivers is also crucial in helping patients with cachexia. Understanding cachexia and seeking support can help ease distress for both patients and caregivers.
